Go 语言结构体
Go 语言中数组可以存储同一类型的数据，但在结构体中我们可以为不同项定义不同的数据类型。
结构体是由一系列具有相同类型或不同类型的数据构成的数据集合。
结构体表示一项记录，比如保存图书馆的书籍记录，每本书有以下属性：
- Title ：标题
- Author ： 作者
- Subject：学科
- ID：书籍ID
定义结构体
结构体定义需要使用 type 和 struct 语句。struct 语句定义一个新的数据类型，结构体中有一个或多个成员。type 语句设定了结构体的名称。结构体的格式如下：
type struct_variable_type struct {
member definition
member definition
...
member definition
}
一旦定义了结构体类型，它就能用于变量的声明，语法格式如下：
variable_name := structure_variable_type {value1, value2...valuen}
或
variable_name := structure_variable_type { key1: value1, key2: value2..., keyn: valuen}
实例如下：
实例
package main
import "fmt"
type Books struct {
title string
author string
subject string
book_id int
}
func main() {
// 创建一个新的结构体
fmt.Println(Books{"Go 语言", "www..com", "Go 语言教程", 6495407})
// 也可以使用 key => value 格式
fmt.Println(Books{title: "Go 语言", author: "www..com", subject: "Go 语言教程", book_id: 6495407})
// 忽略的字段为 0 或 空
fmt.Println(Books{title: "Go 语言", author: "www..com"})
}
import "fmt"
type Books struct {
title string
author string
subject string
book_id int
}
func main() {
// 创建一个新的结构体
fmt.Println(Books{"Go 语言", "www..com", "Go 语言教程", 6495407})
// 也可以使用 key => value 格式
fmt.Println(Books{title: "Go 语言", author: "www..com", subject: "Go 语言教程", book_id: 6495407})
// 忽略的字段为 0 或 空
fmt.Println(Books{title: "Go 语言", author: "www..com"})
}
输出结果为：
{Go 语言 www..com Go 语言教程 6495407}
{Go 语言 www..com Go 语言教程 6495407}
{Go 语言 www..com 0}
访问结构体成员
如果要访问结构体成员，需要使用点号 . 操作符，格式为：
结构体.成员名"
结构体类型变量使用 struct 关键字定义，实例如下：
实例
package main
import "fmt"
type Books struct {
title string
author string
subject string
book_id int
}
func main() {
var Book1 Books /* 声明 Book1 为 Books 类型 */
var Book2 Books /* 声明 Book2 为 Books 类型 */
/* book 1 描述 */
Book1.title = "Go 语言"
Book1.author = "www..com"
Book1.subject = "Go 语言教程"
Book1.book_id = 6495407
/* book 2 描述 */
Book2.title = "Python 教程"
Book2.author = "www..com"
Book2.subject = "Python 语言教程"
Book2.book_id = 6495700
/* 打印 Book1 信息 */
fmt.Printf( "Book 1 title : %s\n", Book1.title)
fmt.Printf( "Book 1 author : %s\n", Book1.author)
fmt.Printf( "Book 1 subject : %s\n", Book1.subject)
fmt.Printf( "Book 1 book_id : %d\n", Book1.book_id)
/* 打印 Book2 信息 */
fmt.Printf( "Book 2 title : %s\n", Book2.title)
fmt.Printf( "Book 2 author : %s\n", Book2.author)
fmt.Printf( "Book 2 subject : %s\n", Book2.subject)
fmt.Printf( "Book 2 book_id : %d\n", Book2.book_id)
}
import "fmt"
type Books struct {
title string
author string
subject string
book_id int
}
func main() {
var Book1 Books /* 声明 Book1 为 Books 类型 */
var Book2 Books /* 声明 Book2 为 Books 类型 */
/* book 1 描述 */
Book1.title = "Go 语言"
Book1.author = "www..com"
Book1.subject = "Go 语言教程"
Book1.book_id = 6495407
/* book 2 描述 */
Book2.title = "Python 教程"
Book2.author = "www..com"
Book2.subject = "Python 语言教程"
Book2.book_id = 6495700
/* 打印 Book1 信息 */
fmt.Printf( "Book 1 title : %s\n", Book1.title)
fmt.Printf( "Book 1 author : %s\n", Book1.author)
fmt.Printf( "Book 1 subject : %s\n", Book1.subject)
fmt.Printf( "Book 1 book_id : %d\n", Book1.book_id)
/* 打印 Book2 信息 */
fmt.Printf( "Book 2 title : %s\n", Book2.title)
fmt.Printf( "Book 2 author : %s\n", Book2.author)
fmt.Printf( "Book 2 subject : %s\n", Book2.subject)
fmt.Printf( "Book 2 book_id : %d\n", Book2.book_id)
}
以上实例执行运行结果为：
Book 1 title : Go 语言 Book 1 author : www..com Book 1 subject : Go 语言教程 Book 1 book_id : 6495407 Book 2 title : Python 教程 Book 2 author : www..com Book 2 subject : Python 语言教程 Book 2 book_id : 6495700
结构体作为函数参数
你可以像其他数据类型一样将结构体类型作为参数传递给函数。并以以上实例的方式访问结构体变量：
实例
package main
import "fmt"
type Books struct {
title string
author string
subject string
book_id int
}
func main() {
var Book1 Books /* 声明 Book1 为 Books 类型 */
var Book2 Books /* 声明 Book2 为 Books 类型 */
/* book 1 描述 */
Book1.title = "Go 语言"
Book1.author = "www..com"
Book1.subject = "Go 语言教程"
Book1.book_id = 6495407
/* book 2 描述 */
Book2.title = "Python 教程"
Book2.author = "www..com"
Book2.subject = "Python 语言教程"
Book2.book_id = 6495700
/* 打印 Book1 信息 */
printBook(Book1)
/* 打印 Book2 信息 */
printBook(Book2)
}
func printBook( book Books ) {
fmt.Printf( "Book title : %s\n", book.title)
fmt.Printf( "Book author : %s\n", book.author)
fmt.Printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book.subject)
fmt.Printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book.book_id)
}
import "fmt"
type Books struct {
title string
author string
subject string
book_id int
}
func main() {
var Book1 Books /* 声明 Book1 为 Books 类型 */
var Book2 Books /* 声明 Book2 为 Books 类型 */
/* book 1 描述 */
Book1.title = "Go 语言"
Book1.author = "www..com"
Book1.subject = "Go 语言教程"
Book1.book_id = 6495407
/* book 2 描述 */
Book2.title = "Python 教程"
Book2.author = "www..com"
Book2.subject = "Python 语言教程"
Book2.book_id = 6495700
/* 打印 Book1 信息 */
printBook(Book1)
/* 打印 Book2 信息 */
printBook(Book2)
}
func printBook( book Books ) {
fmt.Printf( "Book title : %s\n", book.title)
fmt.Printf( "Book author : %s\n", book.author)
fmt.Printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book.subject)
fmt.Printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book.book_id)
}
以上实例执行运行结果为：
Book title : Go 语言 Book author : www..com Book subject : Go 语言教程 Book book_id : 6495407 Book title : Python 教程 Book author : www..com Book subject : Python 语言教程 Book book_id : 6495700
结构体指针
你可以定义指向结构体的指针类似于其他指针变量，格式如下：
var struct_pointer *Books
以上定义的指针变量可以存储结构体变量的地址。查看结构体变量地址，可以将 & 符号放置于结构体变量前：
struct_pointer = &Book1
使用结构体指针访问结构体成员，使用 "." 操作符：
struct_pointer.title
接下来让我们使用结构体指针重写以上实例，代码如下：
实例
package main
import "fmt"
type Books struct {
title string
author string
subject string
book_id int
}
func main() {
var Book1 Books /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
var Book2 Books /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 描述 */
Book1.title = "Go 语言"
Book1.author = "www..com"
Book1.subject = "Go 语言教程"
Book1.book_id = 6495407
/* book 2 描述 */
Book2.title = "Python 教程"
Book2.author = "www..com"
Book2.subject = "Python 语言教程"
Book2.book_id = 6495700
/* 打印 Book1 信息 */
printBook(&Book1)
/* 打印 Book2 信息 */
printBook(&Book2)
}
func printBook( book *Books ) {
fmt.Printf( "Book title : %s\n", book.title)
fmt.Printf( "Book author : %s\n", book.author)
fmt.Printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book.subject)
fmt.Printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book.book_id)
}
import "fmt"
type Books struct {
title string
author string
subject string
book_id int
}
func main() {
var Book1 Books /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
var Book2 Books /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 描述 */
Book1.title = "Go 语言"
Book1.author = "www..com"
Book1.subject = "Go 语言教程"
Book1.book_id = 6495407
/* book 2 描述 */
Book2.title = "Python 教程"
Book2.author = "www..com"
Book2.subject = "Python 语言教程"
Book2.book_id = 6495700
/* 打印 Book1 信息 */
printBook(&Book1)
/* 打印 Book2 信息 */
printBook(&Book2)
}
func printBook( book *Books ) {
fmt.Printf( "Book title : %s\n", book.title)
fmt.Printf( "Book author : %s\n", book.author)
fmt.Printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book.subject)
fmt.Printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book.book_id)
}
以上实例执行运行结果为：
Book title : Go 语言 Book author : www..com Book subject : Go 语言教程 Book book_id : 6495407 Book title : Python 教程 Book author : www..com Book subject : Python 语言教程 Book book_id : 6495700
